![]() ![]() The percentages of the sum of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium, organic matter, crustal material, and elemental carbon in PM 2.5 mass ranged 7.1–57 %, 17.7–53 %, 7.1–43 %, and 1.3–12.8 %, respectively. ![]() Near six-fold variations in average PM 2.5 concentrations (34.0–193.4 μg m −3) across China were found with high PM 2.5 levels (>100 μg m −3) appearing in the cities in the northern and western regions and low levels (<40 μg m −3) in the remote forest area (Changbai Mountain) and in Hong Kong. PM 2.5 mass concentrations and speciation compositions varied substantially over geographical regions in China. Based on PM 2.5 chemical data sets from literature and from our surface observations, chemical species and reconstructed speciation of PM 2.5 in representative Chinese megacities and across China were compared to draw insights into the characteristics of PM 2.5 speciation.
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